Table of Contents.
Urban infrastructure planning and management.
Urban Regeneration and public spaces.
Construction Of Sustainable Innovative, and Smart Buildings.
Climate Change and Reducing Pollution.
Sustaining Urban Food Systems.
Strengthen resilience in cities to reduce
the risk and the impact of disasters:
Take action to address climate change
by reducing their greenhouse gas
emissions:
Green building practices
urban planning and management strategies to effectively reduce climate change in developed and least developed countries.
CONTRASTING RESILIENCE OF COMMUNITIES
AND INFRASTRUCTURE RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS
RESILIENCE REQUIRES LONGER-TERM
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
Construction of Sustainable, Innovative and Smart Buildings
1) Technology in design and execution
2 smart buildings, emissions and materials technologies
Green Building Practices
3) Innovation in construction sector
The 10 latest modern construction materials.
Translucent wood
The cooling system in bricks
Cigarette butts to make bricks
Martian concrete
Light-generating cement
The CABKOMA strand rod
Biologically produced furniture
Floating piers
Pollution absorbing bricks
Self-healing concrete.
RESILIENCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE
5) Waste and pollution management
6) Climate change resilience
7) Decrease density of the built environment
8) Security and justice in mixed-ownership models
1 How can large cities, metropolitan areas and intermediate small cities develop in an integrated, equitable and sustainable fashion, with a high level of connectivity, accessible and inclusive public spaces, and affordable housing for all?
Sustainable development cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces.
The rapid growth of citiesa result of rising populations and increasing migrationhas led to a boom in mega-cities, especially in the developing world, and slums are becoming a more significant feature of urban life.
Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and building resilient societies and economies. It involves investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management in participatory and inclusive ways.
Planning needs to have a territorial dimension.
Many national development policies cling to
the notion that rural and urban development
are binary choices. But the notion of the
urban-rural divide becomes less relevant as
relationships are increasingly understood as
a continuum. Integrated territorial planning
examines relationships between settlements
so as to identify the public and private services
that will promote rural development and share
the value created by urbanization. Small and
medium sized urban centers can be made into
the hubs of development by strengthening the
linkages between them, other larger centers
and their hinterlands.
One of the important drivers of plannings
evolution has been the concern for public
welfare and particularly the need to address
urban poverty. By contrast, more marketwise
approaches aiming at increasing economic
growth have witnessed an increase in the numbers of people being left behind and
lacking basic services. However, the Rights
to Adequate Housing and to Water and
Sanitation, which have been ratified by most
member states of the United Nations, impose
obligations to meet minimum standards,
especially for the poorest and most vulnerable.
The criteria by which it may be judged whether
these rights have been fulfilled include access
to social and physical infrastructure, safety
from environmental threats and proximity to
employment opportunities. Urban planning is
the main means by which to mainstream the
implementation of these criteria.
The pro-poor bias emanating from the fulfillment
of human rights (the rights-based approach),
the New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable
Development Goals, also necessitates a move
away from treating the poor as beneficiaries
towards an approach of empowering them to
assert their rights. Public participation, which
has been a theme of planning for many years,
becomes a means of achieving empowerment
when applied as part of a rights-based
approach. This involves not just working for
communities but working with them to build
their capacity to influence the development
process. The planning profession will have to
see its role as less an impartial arbiter of the
public good and more of an empowered of
those who are disadvantaged.
Traditional urban planning has to change, and
change quickly. Cities and human settlements
are being refashioned by economic and
Demographic growth, migration, climatic
risks, disruptive technologies and social
Fragmentation. Aspiration and opportunity are
Intertwined with destitution and disaster in a
world that is interconnected as never before.
Governments globally now acknowledge the
need for action, A set of International Guidelines
on Urban Territorial Planning.
Provide basic services for all citizens:
Access to housing, safe drinking water and
sanitation, nutritious food, healthcare and
family planning, education, culture and
access to communication technologies.
Ensure that all citizens have access
to equal opportunities and face no
discrimination:
Everyone has the right to
benefit from what their cities offer.
calls on city authorities to take into account
the needs of women, youth and children,
people with disabilities, marginalized groups,
older persons, and indigenous people,
among other groups.
Promote measures that support cleaner cities:
Tackling air pollution in cities,
increasing use of renewable energy, providing
better and greener public transport, and
sustainably managing natural resources.
Strengthen resilience in cities to reduce
the risk and the impact of disasters:
This requires better urban planning, quality
infrastructure and improving local responses.
Take action to address climate change
by reducing their greenhouse gas
emissions: Sustainable cities that reduce
emissions from energy and build resilience
can play a lead role.
Fully respect the rights of refugees,
migrants and internally displaced
persons regardless of their migration
status: These vulnerable people need to be
able to access the opportunities provided by
urban areas.
Improve connectivity and support innovative and green initiatives :
This includes establishing partnerships with
businesses and civil society to find sustainable
solutions to urban challenges.
Promote safe, accessible and green public spaces:
Human interaction should
be facilitated by urban planning.
2 How can we develop eco-friendly green buildings to effectively reduce negative environmental impact and improve the quality of living?
For many good reasons, construction using green technology is becoming more common. Several of these reasons are outlined in a recent article from Smart Cities Dive. But before we get to those, lets first understand what types of sustainable building practices are considered to be eco-friendly.
Green building practices
Whether youre building something new or retrofitting an existing structure, there are many ways to implement green building practices, even as youre determining how to reduce operating costs. Minimizing (or eliminating) the negative impact a proposed (or existing) building has on the environment and surrounding community is the common goal of these green building approaches.
Some of the more common green building practices include:
Using sustainable building materials such as recycled glass and steel, as well as renewable materials such as bamboo and rubber.
Installing energy-efficient windows and doors.
Using lower-VOC (volatile organic compounds) paints and stains.
Constructing green roof systems ( plants on your roof) that offer many benefits, including onsite gardens, rainwater management and protection from the effects of harmful UV light.
Adding water harvesting and purification systems that both manage and make the most use of rainfall.
Installing commercial solar panel carports to provide covered parking and integrated charging stations for electric vehicles.
Maximizing natural light, which can not only save on lighting requirements (and subsequently energy costs), but can also help keep buildings warm in colder months.
Using renewable energy for businessfor example, installing a commercial solar panel system or a commercial energy storage system.
Sun Power is changing the way our world is powered.
Explaining eco-friendly construction
Green building practices can include green roof systems Simply put, its the environmentally-conscious construction (and operation) of buildings.
Green building benefits
The environmental benefits of eco-friendly construction are obvious, but there are other compelling reasons to implement green building practices that might not immediately come to mind. Examples include:
Healthier and happier workersemployees that work in green buildings report fewer headaches, as well as improvements in asthma and allergy symptoms.
Reduced energy costs.
The ability to attract and retain top talent.
Greater likelihood a green building will sell for more money than a standard building.
Additional business opportunities that come from appealing to an ever-growing pool of eco-conscious consumers.
A building has become so popular that virtually every construction company has begun using the word "green" in their advertising campaigns. However, that doesn't mean that they all actually adhere to the highest standards of green building practices. When seeking to build or remodel their buildings to make them greener and healthier, small business owners should always check for contractors' certifications. They should also request to see samples of their work as well as speak with former clients regarding the quality of materials and workmanship.
3 How can we use technology to create a friendly ecosystem between food production, food markets and food waste management.
Rapid urban growth; growing food and nutrition insecurity; unbalanced food availability,
distribution and access; environmental degradation, resource scarcity and climate
change; unsustainable production and consumption patterns, including generation of
food waste all of these have important developmental implications for both urban and
rural areas like. It is increasingly recognized that in order to respond to these
challenges, integrated territorial development and balanced urban-rural linkages must
be pursued for the benefit of both urban and rural populations.
City region food systems offer concrete policy and programmed opportunities
within which these developmental issues can be addressed and through which rural and
urban areas and communities in a given city region can be directly linked. These
specifically address Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 11a to support posi-
tive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas
and are instrumental in linking SDG 11 with SDG 2 (on sustainable agriculture and
food and nutrition security) and SDG 12 (on sustainable production and consumption).
This publication documents thirteen case studies from city regions around the world
which are developing CRFS projects, program, and policies, including those related
to the prevention, reduction and management of food waste. Lessons learned from the
case studies for sustainable development of CRFS call for local, city regional, and (sub)
national governments to institutionalize city region food systems, providing them an
institutional setting and budget, linking them to larger city region development plans,
and monitoring their developmental impacts across urban and rural areas.
They also call for (sub)national and legal frameworks which embed CRFS within broader
legislation, specifically the Right to Food and the Right to the City, acknowledging
the need to guarantee both urban as well as rural food and nutrition security, as well as to
Regulate (unplanned) urban expansion on agricultural land in order to safeguard food and
Ecosystem services. The selected cases also highlight the need to strengthen horizontal and
vertical governance systems as well as multi-stakeholder and cross- sectoral partnerships.
Finally, the cases offer a large number of strategies and tools that can be applied by city
regions around the world, including the promotion of urban agriculture, preservation
of agricultural land areas and watersheds through land use planning and zoning,
development of food distribution and social protection programs for vulnerable
groups, support for short supply chains and local procurement of food, and promotion
of food waste prevention, reduction and management, as well as the recovery and
redistribution of safe and nutritious food for human consumption.
City Region Food Systems are vital to the implementation of the Agenda 2030 and
the New Urban Agenda (NUA) in three key ways) City region food systems address
several key policy areas of concern to the NUA, including local economic development
and urban governance, spatial and economic planning, public health, and ecosystem
protection; ii) Coalition building around city region food systems can generate positive
political support for wider urban-rural linkages through coalition building centered on
food; iii) City region food systems deserve particular attention, given their potential to address the challenge outlined above.
in the demand for natural resources (land, water), which provide vital food and
Ecosystem services to cities, as well as with increased challenges in terms of economic
Efficiency, land use and land rights. Large scale conversions of agricultural
Land to non-agricultural uses have caused, and may also cause in the future, problems in
Cities and rural areas with regards to drainage systems and flood retention, disruption
of the drinking water supply, temperature increases, environmental pollution, and
Increased vulnerability to disruptions in safe and nutritious food availability and supply,
Especially in areas affected by climate change
Food produced in urban areas and rural hinterlands guarantees supplies for
Both urban areas and their rural surroundings, while urban areas supply the
Markets upon which agricultural livelihoods depend;
Rural watersheds supply potable water to urban areas and provide irrigation for
urban, urban and rural agriculture. Sustainable forms of urban water
Management can provide financial incentives for the preservation of such
(Agricultural) watersheds;
Food loss and waste can be prevented, reduced, and managed, including through
The recovery and redistribution of safe and nutritious food for human consumption
along the food supply chain from production to consumption, spanning both
rural and urban territory;
Organic and agricultural waste resources produced in urban and rural areas can be used to generate energy and fertilizers, which are used in urban and rural areas .
Respectively; and Preservation and sustainable management of agricultural lands in rural and
Per-urban areas can help to enhance flood retention or mitigate increasing temperatures,
thus reducing the climate change vulnerability of both urban and
Rural areas.
The above also illustrates how city region food systems are connected to many other
rural and urban sectors (e.g. food security, economic development, water and waste
management, energy, transport, health, climate change, governance and spatial planning, etc.)
and can enhance linkages among dimensions of economic, social, and environmental sustainability.
In improved city region food systems, affordable, nutritious, and fairly traded foods
from local and regional producers are more easily available to all communities from rich
to poor, rural to urban. Access to markets and support for alternative markets (e.g.
community-supported agriculture, farmers markets, cooperatives, fair trade, etc.)
become available to smallholders and other small-scale producers from urban, peri-
urban and rural areas, not just large ones. Shorter value chains, and more broadly efficient
and functioning agricultural value chains that link hinterland producers to market
systems, can contribute to sustainable diets and stabilize livelihoods in the distribution,
processing and manufacture of food and fiber products Food loss
and waste is prevented, reduced and managed along the food supply chains in the city
region, including the recovery and redistribution of safe and nutritious food for human
consumption in both urban and rural areas, which directly enhances food security and
nutrition. Ecosystem and natural resources management is promoted, as is agro-ecological
diversity, and urban ecology and ecosystems are protected. The ecological footprint
of the urban food system is minimized from production to consumption, and green-
house gas emissions in food transport, processing, packaging and waste management are reduced.
Cities as hubs of consumption increasingly recognize their responsibility in building
more sustainable food systems that reduce food waste; providing decent livelihood
Opportunities for those producing, processing and selling food (be it in rural, urban
or urban areas); and promoting environmentally sustainable forms of food production For many cities, the preservation and promotion of food production near areas
of consumption is becoming a higher priority, in addition to the promotion of urban
agriculture with the understanding that cities will always continue to be dependent on
hybrid food systems, e.g. sourcing part of their food from distant locations and global
food supply chains, as well as from nearby rural, and urban production and
processing locations. Sole dependence on global food supply and systems, however,
Increases vulnerabilities and risk.
Food Loss and Waste Prevention, Reduction, and management
Food loss and waste prevention, reduction and management are key components of sustain-
able city region food systems. Food waste is an issue of concern not only for industrialized
countries but also for developing countries and countries in transition.
FLW is a symptom of an unsustainable
food system that is undermined in its capacity to provide food and nutrition security for all.
Food security and nutrition is achieved if adequate food (in terms of safety, quality, quantity
and socio-cultural acceptability) is available and accessible for and effectively utilized
by all individuals at all times for a healthy and active life. FLW directly impacts the avail-
ability and accessibility of safe and nutritious food for human consumption. The better
management and distribution of food resources globally, regionally, nationally, and locally
could be beneficial to society's .
4 How can we use policies, urban planning and management strategies to effectively reduce climate change in developed and least developed countries?
Climate change presents a significant challenge for urban systems worldwide. Its effects will likely intensify over the coming decades. Whilst humanity may be able to take collective action to limit the intensity of these effects, scientific evidence indicates that some are already happening and will continue to occur, irrespective of any ongoing mitigation. Climate change impacts such as increased rainfall intensity, storm surges, and flooding and urban heat island effects are likely to affect many urban systems worldwide. These will impact severely on urban systems and the populations and services they support. Adaptation will almost certainly be required to cope with these effects. In this regard, it is positive to note that urban planning has the potential to become a key factor in developing and implementing adaptive responses in urban systems.
Advantage of urban planning is the universality of the profession and the tools available to it. Tools such as plan-making, stakeholder engagement, development management and design standards are available to and used by urban planning regimes worldwide. These are important for developing and delivering urban adaptation across a variety of scales. Keywords: Climate change, Urban planning, adaptation, mitigation, policies, strategies.
Renovation of energy systems: The consideration of existing housing stocks plays an essential role for climate proof urban planning facing impacts of climate change and the demand for its mitigation.
the following measurements need to be considered on the individual building level (Isolation of walls, roofs, ceilings, Renovation of windows, Construction of ventilation systems, and Replacement of old heating systems). Beside technical replacement of heating systems, the following innovative heating systems should be taken into consideration with the renovation of energy systems in existing settlement structures: local heating networks, combined heating and power stations, use of solar cells for heat supply or use of geothermal plants. Planning of renewable energy-systems: In direct addition to the above standing paragraph, urban planners are demanded to provide the respective planning and legal conditions for the supply and effective use of new energy systems. This comprises the provision of areas for renewable energies and the solution of use conflicts.
5 How can we use local and resilient resources to develop new and retrofitting infrastructure?
CONTRASTING RESILIENCE OF COMMUNITIES
AND INFRASTRUCTURE RESILIENCE
In the context of the resilience of development interventions, the resilience of infrastructure could
be considered as both in terms of The resilience of infrastructure itself, and
How infrastructure affects resilience: both of other infrastructure systems, and of
individuals, households and communities.
To date discussion of resilience and infrastructure has focused on the former, addressing primarily
the resilience of critical (important, often national) infrastructure, but potentially to the neglect or
detriment of local community resilience. Improving infrastructure resilience can have a direct
negative impact on communities and livelihoods if done in isolation.
Examples:
Increased capital spending on infrastructure has been justified as more resilient because it
is bigger, that is "more robust. But increased spending to strengthen and extend road
Maintenance such as improving the drainage of a road and enhancing surface run off,
discharging into surrounding land may increase the resilience of the road but may impact
adversely on local community health, with increased run-off carrying more pollutants on to
agricultural land and into groundwater sources 4
Where sub-national budgets are allocated towards improving resilience of infrastructure that plays
a wider economic role (e.g. roads, ports, airports, etc.) this can reduce available budgets for
infrastructure that is critical at the community level, such as housing, emergency shelters and
productive land.
A key lesson is that there is a need to establish community views, possibly consulting men and
women separately (as their views are likely to be different)5
, which will include sharing information too.
RESILIENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS
Refocus resilience is best understood at the system level as well as
at the level of individual infrastructure assets, or projects. Integration, coordination, and sequencing
are needed to ensure that when one structure fails it doesnt take down a whole system. In practice
that means that good infrastructure systems are likely to be made up of smaller, interconnected
Pieces and parts rather than a few large projects. This means designing whole systems and
networks to be resilient and requires a different approach.
When it comes to resilient systems, success is often something that isnt recognized, reported or
Celebrated. For example, success is when a city does not flood or there is no loss of power after an
Extreme weather event. A resilient infrastructure system will be sufficiently robust, have sufficient
redundancy, and allow for sufficient resourcefulness to resolve issues with sufficient rapidity to
continue operating at normal or near normal performance levels. Capturing those benefits and
savings over time requires thoughtful design and advance planning, and new approaches to funding
and financing for resilient infrastructure (Reinvest - A Roadmap for Resilience: investing in
resilience, reinvesting in communities, This requires better
coordination between donors and stakeholders at a regional, national and local level; it requires the
interdependencies between projects, networks and systems to be recognized and optimized to improve resilience across improve resilience across infrastructure systems.
RESILIENCE REQUIRES LONGER-TERM
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
Typically infrastructure investment is based on a return on investment and lifespan that is short. For
example, the World Banks normal internal rate of return for road investment projects is 12%6 , with
a twenty year design life. However, most infrastructure will be required to last much longer than
this (and infrastructure systems even more so). As a result the economic case for infrastructure
investment, as well as the technical design, often does not take into account the true scale of future
(including climate) risks.
It needs to be recognized that infrastructure investment made today will not only need to respond
to future climate impacts on the infrastructure itself, but will determine how future users live.
Assuring climate resilience
of infrastructure thus
requires a broad spectrum
of analysis to be taken
into account in
investment decisions and
design.
Construction of Sustainable, Innovative and Smart Buildings
1) Technology in design and execution
Innovative technologies have ushered in a slew of new possibilities in fashion design through 3D printing, 3D imaging, wearables, and hybrid design. Hybrid design allows technology and data science to merge to produce fabrics, designs, functionality, and interaction.
2) Green buildings, emissions and materials technologies
Green Building Practices
Green building is new concept that is likely to add value to timber certification. Green building is a construction activity that conserves raw materials and energy and reduces environmental impacts. It refers to a structure and a process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a buildings life-cycle: From sifting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture.
In other hands
Green building takes into consideration the future water use and energy demands, ecological site selection, and the procurement of sustainably produced materials. Some countries around the World including Zambia and United Arab Emirates UAE have started adopting green building standards and concepts. The Zambia Green Jobs Program is premised on a human and environment rights base as well as a value chain development approach for improving the sustainable livelihoods of rural and urban families through private sector development and sustainable housing, it is also a third-party certification program that includes design, construction and operation of high-performance green buildings.
The aim of the Green Jobs Program is to enhance the competitiveness and sustainable business among MSMEs building construction sector. The Program seeks to unlock the job creation potential of the rapidly growing building construction sectors and has a competitive focus on the value chain for green building goods and services, from local production of environmentally friendly building materials through to more energy efficient building design. By so doing, the Program contributes to green building Vision 2030, Sixth National Development Plan , National Employment and Labor Market Policy, Decent Work Country.
3) Innovation in construction sector
Translucent wood
The cooling system in bricks
Cigarette butts to make bricks
Martian concrete
Light-generating cement
The CABKOMA strand rod
Biologically produced furniture
Floating piers
Pollution absorbing bricks
Self-healing concrete
The much awaited and anticipated revolution in construction is gaining momentum. We now have drones, virtual reality, augmented reality, BIM, project management and more. But it doesnt stop here! Researchers and various institutes are taking technology to the next level. Development in concrete and various other construction materials has been aggressive and intense.
These are the 10 latest modern construction materials
Translucent wood
The cooling system in bricks
Cigarette butts to make bricks
Martian concrete
Light-generating cement
The CABKOMA strand rod
Biologically produced furniture
Floating piers
Pollution absorbing bricks
Self-healing concrete.
1 Translucent wood as construction material
We now have translucent wood that can be used to develop windows and solar panels. It is created by first, removing the lining in the wood veneer and then through nano scale tailoring. The resulting effect creates translucent wood that has various applications in the construction industry.
As a very cheap resource, it can benefit projects by reducing cost of resource.
2 Cooling system in bricks
Through the combination of clay and hydro gel, Hydro ceramics have the ability to reduce the indoor temperature by up to 6 degrees Celsius.
Its cooling effect comes from the presence of hydro gel in its structure which absorbs water, up to 500 times its weight. The absorbed water is released to reduce the temperature during hot days.
3 Cigarette butts to make bricks
Many different materials are needed for building a house, but who would expect that cigarette butts will be one of them.
On a annually basis, 6 million cigarettes are manufactured and they produce 1.2 million tones of cigarette butt waste. The impact on the environment is tremendous.
4) Sustainable and resilient buildings
In the context of the resilience of development interventions, the resilience of infrastructure could
be considered as both in terms of The resilience of infrastructure itself, and
How infrastructure affects resilience: both of other infrastructure systems, and of
individuals, households and communities.
To date discussion of resilience and infrastructure has focused on the former, addressing primarily
the resilience of critical (important, often national) infrastructure, but potentially to the neglect or
Detriment of local community resilience. Improving infrastructure resilience can have a direct
Negative impact on communities and livelihoods if done in isolation.
Examples:
Increased capital spending on infrastructure has been justified as more resilient because it
is bigger, that is "more robust. But increased spending to strengthen and extend road
Maintenance such as improving the drainage of a road and enhancing surface run off,
discharging into surrounding land may increase the resilience of the road but may impact
adversely on local community health, with increased run-off carrying more pollutants on to
agricultural land and into groundwater sources 4
Where sub-national budgets are allocated towards improving resilience of infrastructure that plays
a wider economic role (e.g. roads, ports, airports, etc.) this can reduce available budgets for
infrastructure that is critical at the community level, such as housing, emergency shelters and productive land.
A key lesson is that there is a need to establish community views, possibly consulting men and
women separately.
RESILIENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS
Refocus resilience is best understood at the system level as well as
at the level of individual infrastructure assets, or projects. Integration, coordination, and sequencing
are needed to ensure that when one structure fails it doesnt take down a whole
5) Waste and pollution management
The problems of pollution are not limited to the borders of a country. The harmful effects extend beyond the borders of the originator of the pollution. That is why development of policy frameworks for Pollution Control and Waste Management is a priority for the Environment and Natural Resources Sector of the EAC Secretariat.
All Partner States are parties to the Eastern African Regional Framework Agreement on Air Pollution (Nairobi Agreement, 2008). The States agreed to develop actionable targets to address air pollution in the following key areas: Transport, Industry and Mining, Energy, Waste, Vegetation Fires, Indoor Air pollution, Urban Planning and Management. The EAC is working on development and harmonisation of standards and regulations on pollution control and waste management. The EAC Secretariat is working on the implementation of the provisions of the Eastern African Framework Agreement on Air Pollution, and developing the EAC Electronic Waste Management Framework and Management of Plastic and Plastic Waste Disposal.
Pollution Control
Almost 90% of the energy sources in households in the EAC region is from traditional technologies that contribute to air pollution, negatively impacting human health and the environment. This is a problem that Partner States are working hard to resolve. All EAC Partner States have environmental pollution regulations on land and water.
Weak vehicle import and emission standards has resulted in the importation of old second hand vehicles, consequently increasing air pollutant emissions. EAC Partner States are taking significant steps to reduce the age limit of vehicles imported into the region.
The EAC Secretariat is working to harmonize effluent discharge standards, strengthen the capacity of EAC Partner States in enforcement of pollution control laws and establish pollution monitoring system in the EAC, and urges Partner States to allocate more resources for the implementation of conventions to which they are party s
6) Climate change resilience
There are many and varied drivers of deforestation and causes of forest degradation around
the world. Among others, these include conversion to other land uses (mainly agriculture),
over-harvesting of wood and non-wood forest products, poor timber harvesting practices,
overgrazing, pest and disease outbreaks, invasive species and wild fires. Underlying drivers
vary from place to place, including government policies that drive land-use changes, market
forces altering demand for forest products, poverty and food insecurity, unclear or insecure
land or resource tenure, among others. Climate change, and in some cases climate change
responses, are adding to the existing stresses on forests.
The risks that climate change and variability pose to forests and trees are well recognized.
Negative impacts are apparent in many places. Although it is often difficult to separate
climate change from other stresses, evidence shows that in various places climate change is
contributing to decreased productivity and dieback of trees from drought and temperature
stress, increased wind and water erosion, increased storm damage, increased frequency
of forest fires, pest and disease outbreaks, landslides and avalanches, changes in ranges of
forest plants and animals, inundation and flood damage, saltwater intrusion and sea level
rise, and damage from coastal storms.
Climate change and climate variability are threatening the delivery of a range of
crucial goods (wood and non-wood) and environmental services from forests on which
an estimated 1.6 billion people fully or partly depend. Forests and trees roles are varied,
including, among other things, delivering clean and reliable water supply, protecting against
landslides, erosion and land degradation, providing or enhancing the habitat of aquatic and
terrestrial animals, providing a range of products for household use or sale, and providing
employment. Given that forest.
7) Decrease density of the built environment
The densities with which urbanized regions are occupied can have a significant impact on energy use and emissions, via the patterns of personal mobility that are enabled and encouraged. The potential for using this variable as a tool for environmental regulation is limited, however, for two inter-related reasons. One is that actual densities are an outcome of complex processes of individual choice over which planners have little direct control. The other is that planning operates only at the margins of physical development, with much slower and more modest impacts on the behavior of the population as a whole than would changes in relative transport costs, in particular.
In other hands
Section 2 separately considers the attributes of public land uses such as parks, schools, rights-of-way, places of worship, and cemeteries. The developable land area is an approximation of the land base on which the Growth Plan's minimum density target for Greenfield land will be assessed. In the land use analysis in Section 2, highway, rail, and utility corridors are excluded from the developable land base. The Growth Plan includes these in the land base to which the minimum density target is applied: the designated Greenfield areas of upper- and single-tier municipalities. Excluding these corridors, which are present in some Section 2 study areas but not others, was deemed necessary to avoid distortion of density and other values pertaining to the developable area land base.
8) Security and justice in mixed-ownership models
Security and justice programming has evolved in recent years and has been shaped by changes in the enabling
environment of its funders as much as by changing realities on the ground, as well as shifts in the analytical
thinking underpinning its objectives. This section looks briefly at changes in the context in donor funder
countries, taking the UK as an example. It then looks at some of the implications for current programming,
specifically in terms of the shift towards outsourcing, the rise of private sector implementers and what this
means for delivery.
2.1 Changing political economy of donors
Approaches to security and justice programming are shaped at least as much by the aid environment in which
they are embedded, the prevailing political context and the organisational features of donor agencies as it is by
what we know about what good security and justice work is considered to entail. In the UK context, for
example, despite recent political change, the government has continued to ring-fence aim spending and has
remained committed to continuing increases in the aid budget to reach 0.7% of gross national income (GNI). An
emphasis on fragile states has also emerged among a number of Western donors, including the UK. This has led
to a much greater concentration of aid spending in fragile settings. For instance, 21 of DFIDs 29 country offices
operate in fragile contexts. Given increasing recognition of the importance of security and justice in fragile and
conflict-affected states (see World Bank, 2011), programming in this sector has been an important feature of
DFIDs engagements.
At the same time, broader austerity measures introduced in the UK to curb the financial crisis have meant
scrutiny of the aid budget has amplified, with a much stronger focus on results, transparency and value for
money. As part of efforts to focus aid spending on results and trim wastefulness, a number of internal changes
have been made within DFID.
9) Digital, and data-driven services
Handling information can be challenging, especially when it comes in different shapes, forms and sizes. With our data driven logistic services we can help your organization tackle the problems even before they occur.
A digital era with new demands
When invoice and payment channels increase in numbers, integration and maintenance towards these channels demands resources to handle the logistics behind the scenes. When it comes to transferring information, you need to find new ways to meet your customer´s expectations based on their new digital way of living. From order to cash and purchase to pay.
By utilizing digital channels and our information logistics applications as a service we help you digitalize in the area of document, invoice and payment.
Scalable distribution models
Our scalable distribution model brings you quick access to digital channels and customize after your clients needs. We support your transformation with smart digital services so that you can focus on your core operations. We cover services within:
Retail and Logistics
Document exchange
Billing and payment
Data archiving
Communication
By utilizing digital channels and our information logistics application services we help you digitalize in the area of document, invoice and payment. Our scalable distribution model brings you quick access to digital channels and customize after your clients needs. We support your transformation with smart digital services so that you can focus on your core operations.
future marketing spend is explored. Design/methodology/approach ‐ A detailed synthesis of the literature is conducted and contemporary sources of marketing data are categorized into traditional, digital and neurophysiologic. The benefits and drawbacks of each data type are described and advantages of integrating different sources of data are proposed. Findings ‐ The findings point to the importance and untapped potential of data in its ability to inform tactical and strategic marketing.
10) Digitization and technological solutions
Digital Services enable citizens to pay for city services anywhere, anytime using mobile phones or touch screen payment terminals.
Parking, congestion zone, bridge and tunnel tolls, and transit charges can be made easier for citizens to pay and cheaper for cities to collect. Technology can also improve citizens' access to information, improving transport efficiency and reducing frustration.
Digitization enables secure identification and access control. It facilitates more efficient payments and collections for cities, hospitals and schools by streamlining processing. And integrated metering and billing manages resources and waste more sustainably.
City makes digitization of services straightforward so cities can focus on reducing administration costs, improving data security, and improving convenience for citizens and businesses.
11) Disaster management
Disaster refers to an emergency caused by natural hazards or human-induced actions that results in a significant change in circumstances over a relatively short time period. Typical examples are death, displacement, disease, and loss of crops. Others may include damage to physical infrastructure, depletion of natural and social capitals, institutional weakening and a general disruption of economic and social activity. Disasters may differ somewhat in the trigger, scope, duration and requisite actions.
The global scenario in relation to disasters is dismal. World statistics indicate present and future trends of increasing impacts from natural and human made hazards on life and livelihoods ( During the past four decades,) hazards events such as earthquakes, drought, floods, storms, fires and volcanic eruptions have caused major loss of human life and livelihoods; destruction of economic and social infrastructure and significant environmental damage. According to Gavidia (2000), natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods and hurricanes can wipe out years of urban development by destroying infrastructure and housing and by injury or killing thousands of people. The 2011 Tsunami in Japan is an example of a disaster characterized by an immense loss of lives and property.
Social and economic structure of a society is a major determinant of the vulnerability of the population to the impact of disasters. This explains the variation in the impact of disasters and environmental emergencies all over the world. The Munich Re-insurance estimated that economic losses due to environmental emergencies have increased three-fold from the 1960s to the 1990s, and in the first few years of this decade, are running about US $50 billion per year. Although most of these economic losses occurred in industrially developed parts of the world developing countries in Africa and Asia suffer greater burden of the relative impact of these disasters.
Construction of Sustainable, Innovative and Smart Buildings
1) Innovative, leap-frogging, and affordable technological advancement use.
New technologies, such as digital mobile communications,
drones for precision agriculture and decentralized renewable
energy systems that provide electricity in rural areas far
from the grid, open up opportunities for leapfrogging.
As developing countries have limited capabilities, opportunities
for leapfrogging in these countries are presented primarily
through the adoption of technologies. Innovation policies can
help developing countries foster and facilitate the deployment of
frontier technologies and their adaptation to meet their needs, to
promote sustainable development.
Frontier technologies and
leapfrogging
Discussions of the developmental dimension
of frontier technologies, particularly digital
technologies, often highlight the possibility
of leapfrogging, the concept of bypassing
intermediate stages of technology through
which countries have historically passed
during the development process.2
The
traditional notion of catch-up refers
to the narrowing.
2) Massive cultural and knowledge changing.
Businesses today are acknowledging that culture is an important piece in driving business outcomes. Its not just the icing on the cake; its one of the key ingredients. This is why Chief Culture Officer is an executive position at large companies like Google, Wiki Medi, and Zappos. There has also been a shift in commonly used language around leadership in general. Phrases like lead like a gardener, hold the space, and set the environment now describe the role of all leaders, not just those with Culture in their formal title. If youre in a leadership position, its part of your responsibility to keep an eye on and (when necessary) change culture.
The tricky part is that while its clear that culture is important, culture itself and how to change it is still murky. It often feels like something separate from day to day operations. Its elusive, like the energy in a room. How do you change something like that?
While its true that culture is elusive, its.
3) Improving sustainable local economic growth.
Common wisdom suggests that local efforts to protect or improve the biophysical environment will inevitably undermine efforts to engage in economic development. Using research on the effects of smart growth and the Environmental Kuznets Curve as the foundation, this article examines the empirical relationship between cities' pursuit of sustainability and their economic growth. Results suggest that cities that take sustainability policies and programs the most seriously, particularly if they have relatively large "creative class" populations, tend to be the cities that have experienced the greatest growth in personal incomes since 1990. Cities that have done the least to pursue sustainability tend to have experienced the least growth in personal incomes, which is taken as evidence that a new model of local economic growth may well be emerginga model that emphasizes quality of life as a driver of economic development.
4) Favoring the least developed human settlements.
In industrialized countries, the consumption patterns of cities
are severely stressing the global ecosystem, while settlements in the
developing world need more raw material, energy, and economic
development simply to overcome basic economic and social problems.
Human settlement conditions in many parts of the world, particularly
the developing countries, are deteriorating mainly as a result of the
low levels of investment in the sector attributable to the overall
resource constraints in these countries. In the low-income countries
for which recent data are available, an average of only 5.6 per cent of
central government expenditure went to housing, amenities, social
security and welfare. Expenditure by international support and
finance organizations is equally low.
5) Vast positive impact on human life quality and areas.
Humans need to interact with the environment to obtain our food, water, fuel, medicines, building materials and many other things. Advances in science and technology have helped us to exploit the environment for our benefit, but we have also introduced pollution and caused environmental damage. The impact of environmental problems on humans is significant, affecting all human activities, including health and socio-economic development. In this study session you will learn about the relationships between humans and the environment, and the ways in which we use environmental resources. This study session introduces you to many of the topics that are further developed later in the Module.
in other hands
Cutting down trees and littering have a negative effect on animals and plants. Protecting endangered species and cleaning lakes and seas has a positive effect on the environment. At home you can help the planet by recycling waste and growing plants or vegetables.
6) Novelty, practicality, and replicability.
The proposition that outsiders often are crucial carriers of novelty into an established institutional field has received wide empirical support One familiar class of explanations focuses on individual attempts at introducing novelty
Both share the characteristics of intangible and replicable, so using intellectual property legal system to protect intangible cultural heritage protection The three basic requirement of modern patent system for patent granting object are novelty, creativity and practicality
7) Improving the ecological footprint
An increasing number of nature reserves are being invaded by various development and construction activities, such as energy, resources, and transportation facilities. The ecological footprint model, which enables a quantitative assessment of ecological sustainability, can assess whether human consumption at various spatial scales falls within the regenerative capacity of the biosphere. Based on the traditional ecological footprint evaluation model: the Global Agro-Ecological Zone (EF-GAEZ model), this study proposes an improved ecological footprint model based on net primary productivity (EF-NPP model) and its validations. In this study, the status of ecological footprints and the ecological carrying capacities of 319 national nature reserves in 2010 is explored, and the changes in ecological surpluses and ecological deficits from 2000 to 2010 are analyzed. The ecological footprint per capital and the ecological carrying capacity per capital.
Conclusion and reference remain pending until I have done my research on this project
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